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Members of the Foundation achieved further successes in 1997 in their research endeavours into diseases of the nervous system. These achievements are described in the following research report and they have resulted from a great deal of work into many different disorders; the majority of these conditions are common in the community and are responsible for much disability and hardship. The Foundation has fostered and supported clinical trials into multiple sclerosis, an area in which after many years of intense effort, some therapeutic benefit is beginning to emerge. We have contributed to international trials in peripheral neuropathy and cerebrovascular disease which have resulted in improvements in patient management. However much remains to be achieved in these areas and in other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, motor neuron disease and brain tumour. These are areas into which the Foundation members will be increasing their research effort.
In the process of assisting medical research the Foundation has supported the careers of many young research students and scientists. Research students are people of great talent and promise who work long hours for little pay, yet they produce the new findings which advance medical knowledge. The Foundation has provided salaries for them and assistance to attend international congresses so that their ideas may be stimulated and technologies kept at the cutting edge.
Nerve Research Foundation scientists have made representation to Government and other regulatory on behalf of patients with multiple sclerosis and inflammatory neuropathy to help them get better access to new therapies such as Beta interferon for MS and gamma globulin for GBS & CIDP.
These activities have been made possible through the generosity of our donors and the wonderful efforts of dedicated fundraisers. We are particularly grateful to Diana Watson who organised a memorable wine tasting banquet in the Great Hall of the University in October; Ruth Kerr, Stephen and Barbara Penfold, and the MS Large and Lovely Quest all continued their generous support of the Foundation. David Jacobs and Baker & McKenzie have kindly given of their time and facilities to assist Foundation work. To all our donors and supporters who have given their time, energy and resources we express our gratitude once again.
J D Pollard
Director
J Baker
President
Despite the increasing pressure on beds, and an ever decreasing budget, the Institute of Clinical Neurosciences has continued to have a very satisfactory and harmonious working arrangement. The Management Committee has met monthly, working through problems in a cooperative atmosphere and we continue to be a model of excellence at the Hospital and indeed within the Central Sydney Area Health Service (CSAHS).
The Resource Transition Program (RTP) is now well under way and detailed planning by the Institute has been completed and submitted. The end result will be virtually a new hospital but over the next few years there be will great inconvenience with an undoubted reduction in beds. There will be extreme pressure on the length of stay of our patients and each day spent in hospital will require justification.
Budgetary considerations have lead to the loss of the 3rd rotating Registrar, from both Neurology and Neurosurgery and the this has led to further pressure on the care of our patients, particularly for neurosurgery. Fortunately, in neurosurgery we have been assisted by the voluntary help of our Research Fellow which should continue in 1998 and in addition, we will have a joint Neuroscience Registrar responsible for the ward care of both neurosurgery and neurology patients. However discharge summaries, clinical research and administrative duties have all suffered through the second half of 1997.
Finally, at the beginning 1997, the CSAHS and the Hospital Administration recognised the heavy work load and difficulties being experienced by the Department of Neurosurgery. This related to inadequate operating time and inefficient intensive care and high dependency facilities. Agreement was reached to set up a four (4) bed, high dependency, or step-down area, and to increase operating time by two sessions. However, because of the hospital overrun and budget pressures, one operating session was lost immediately, leaving the net gain of one extra operating session overall. A four bed high dependency area, next to the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, was furbished, equipped and finalised by July 1997 and this will greatly improve patient care on E7. However, it was not opened until January 19 due to extreme nursing shortages in critical care.
Despite all these difficulties, the work load in Neurosciences remains high and 1997 was a very productive year. Next year is shaping up to be just as exciting. Our already famous Neuro-otology Unit, under the directorship of Clinical Associate Professor Michael Halmagyi, has recently been awarded funding to value of $500,000.00 as a Centre of Excellence by the National Health and Medical Research Council. Our Neuro-oncology group, chaired by Dr Mike Fulham, meets on a weekly basis and brings together Neurologists, Neurosurgeons, Neuro-oncologists, Neuro-radiologists and Radiotherapists in a unique forum for the management of patients with tumours of the central nervous system. Experimental trials will continue for patients with malignant glioma. It is also hoped that, in 1998, the Stroke Service will re-emerge with major Health Department funding under the directorship of Dr. John Watson.
I would like to thank all the staff of the Institute for their very hard work and support throughout 1997.
MICHAEL BESSER
Chairman
Institute of Clinical Neurosciences
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 1998
Mr J Baker, President
Professor JD Pollard, Director
Professor JG McLeod, AO, Deputy Director
Associate Professor PJ Armati, Deputy Director
Dr J Walsh
Dr R Ouvrier
Mrs R O’Neill
Dr R Kerr
Mr R Wallace
Mr SA Carroll, AO
Mr M Bannigan
Mr J Milburn
Mr L Holman
Mrs V Glover-Hovan
Professor JD Pollard, Bushell Professor of Neurology
Professor JG McLeod AO
Associate Professor PJ Armati
Clinical Associate Professor RA Ouvrier
Professor JA Young AO
Mrs R O’Neill
Ms Large and Lovely Quest
(represented by Mrs V Glover-Hovan)
Mr M Bannigan
Mr L Holman
Dr R Kerr
Mr D Jacobs
Mr JA Baker
Mr R Wallace
Mr SA Carroll, AO
Mrs R O’Neill
Mr Ed Barnum
Dr J Milburn
Dr R Ouvrier
Dr J Walsh
Mr R Low
Dr JL Allsop, AM, MB BS, Hon MD (Sydney), FRACP
Dr L Rail, MB BS, FRACP
Dr JC Walsh, MD BS, BSc (Med), FRACP, Director of Neurology
Professor JD Pollard, MB BS, BSc (Med), PhD, FRACP, Bushell Professor of Neurology, Academic Head
Professor JG McLeod, AO, MB BS, BSc, (Med), DPhil (Oxon), DSc, Hon DU (Aix-Marseille), FRCP (Lond), FRACP, FAA, FTSE, Professor Emeritus, Neurologist
Dr L Davies, MD BS, FRACP, Staff Neurologist
Dr J Ell, MB BS, FRACP, Visiting Neurologist
Dr MJ Fulham, MB BS, FRACP, Staff Neurologist
Clinical Associate Professor GM Halmagyi, MD, BS, BSc (Med), FRACP, Staff Neurologist
Dr J Leicester, MB BS, FRACP, Visiting Neurologist Dr V Vignaendra, MB BS, FRACP, Visiting Electroencephalographer
Dr JDG Watson, DPhil, MB, BS, BSc, FRACP
Dr A Bleasel, PhD, MB BS, FRACP
Professor GA Broe, AM, BA, MB BS, FRACP
Dr PD Cremer, MB BS, BSc (Med)
Dr J Frith, PhD, MB BS, FRACP
Dr JA Gordon, MB BS, FRACP
Dr JK Graham, MB BS, FRACP
Dr SR Hammond, PhD, MB BS, FRACP, MRCP
Dr IT Lorentz, MB BS, FRCP, FRACP
Clinical Associate Professor RA Ouvrier, MD BS, BSc (Med), FRACP
Dr DE Serisier, MB BS, BSc (Med), FRACP
Dr JM Spies, PhD, MB BS, FRACP
Dr C Yiannikas, MB BS, FRACP
Dr C Cappelan-Smith, MB BS
Dr S Reddel, MB BS
Dr JC Walsh, MD BS, BSc (Med), FRACP, Staff Neurologist, Head
Dr L Davies, MD BS, FRACP, Staff Neurologist
Dr V Vignaendra, MB BS, FRACP, Visiting Electroencephalographer
Mrs K Hall, Senior Neurophysiology Technician
Ms Z Theyer, Registered Nurse
Ms J Burford, Registered Nurse
Ms T Ottavio, Registered Nurse
Ms J Boserio, Registered Nurse
Ms E Sheridan, BA, Clinical Nurse Specialist Neurosciences
Mrs M Innes, Secretary
Mrs R Stojanovska, Receptionist
Clinical Associate Professor GM Halmagyi, MD, BSc, BSc(Med), FRACP, Staff Neurologist, Director
Dr S Aw, MB BS, PhD, Scientific Officer
Mrs M Bray, BA, Audiologist
Ms A Burgess, BSc, NHMRC Research Assistant
Dr JG Colebatch, PhD, MB BS, FRACP, Associate Neurologist
Dr PD Cremer MB BS, BSc(Med), FRACP, Associate Neurologist
Dr IS Curthoys, PhD, BA, Consultant Psychologist
Dr JJ Ell, MB BS, FRACP, Visiting Neurologist
Professor WPR Gibson, MD, FRCS, FRACS, Professor of Otolaryngology
Dr D Gilchrist PhD, NHMRC Research Officer
Mrs K Hall, Senior Neurophysiology Technician
Ms J Hinson, Registered Nurse
Ms I Hannigan, Registered Nurse
Ms K de Lapp, BSc, Physiotherapist
Mr H MacDougall, NIH Research Assistant
Mr M O’Brien, BA, Psychologist
Dr C Pauka, PhD, Audiologist
Ms J Ramsay, Clinical Nurse Specialist
Dr DV Pohl, MB BS, FRACS, Visiting Surgeon
Mr G Serdaris, BE(Elec), NHMRC Research Assistant
Mr C Tsang, BA, Audiologist
Mr C Whitfield, BSc, Audiologist
Ms R Yavor, RN, Clinical Nurse Specialist
Ms J Barrett, Neurology Secretary
Ms M Kite, Receptionist
Ms J Valys, Receptionist
Mr M Todd, MBioMedE, BE(Elec), Chief Biomedical Engineer
Mr D Anderson, MBioMedE, BE(Elec), Biomedical Engineer
Ms E Gock, BE(Elec), Biomedical Engineer
Mr L McGarvie, BE(Mech), MBiomedE, Biomedical Engineer
Ms V Rodrigues, Technical Officer
Ms J Wawrzyniak, Technical Officer
Professor J G McLeod AO, Clinical Director
Ms Bernadette Loughlane, Nurse Coordinator
Ms Louise Healy, Business Manager
Dr JC Walsh Chairman 1997
Dr M Besser, Neurosurgery
Ms R Cullen, Nurse Unit Manager, E7 North
Ms J Gavin, Clinical Nurse Consultant, Neurosciences
Ms L Healy, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences Business Manager
Sr C Hennessy, Nurse Unit Manager, E7 Intensive Care Unit
Dr D McDowell, Neurosurgery
Ms J McLean, Allied Health
Professor JD Pollard, Neurology
Mr M Shepherd, Nurse Unit Manager, E7 South
Dr JDG Watson, DPhil, MB, BS, BSc, FRACP, Director
Dr D Caine, PhD, MSc, BSc, MAPS, Clinical Neuropsycologist
Dr LA Miller, PhD, MSc, BSc, Cpsych, MAPS, Clinical Neuropsychologist
Ms Nora Breen, MSc, BSc, MAPS, Clinical Neuropsychologist
Ms Irina Harris, MSc, BSc, MAPS, Clinical Neuropsychologist
Ms Margaret McFadyen, BSW, Social Worker
Ms Susan Day, BA, Research Nurse
Ms Linda Pallot, Research Nurse
Ms Jane Pendergast, Secretary
Professor Max Colheart, PhD, MA, BA, Honorary Clinical Neuropsychologist
Dr Robyn Tate, PhD, MAPS, Honorary Clinical Neuropsychologist
Dr M J Fulham, FRACP, Director
Mr S Eberl, BE, MSc, MACPSEM, Principal Scientific Officer
Dr R Fawdry, PhD, Principal Scientific Officer
R Fulton, BAppSc, MAppSc, MACPSEM, Principal Scientific Officer
Mr D Henderson, BAppSc, GradDipSc, MRACICChem, Senior Scientific Officer
M Kassiou, BSc(Hons), PhD, MRACICChem, Principal Scientific Officer
Dr S Meikle, BAppSc, PhD, MACPSEM, Principal Scientific Officer
J Towson, MSc, Senior Scientific Officer
Ms K Silver, BAppSci (MRT) Chief Technologist
Ms J Forster, BAppSci(MRT) Senior Technologist
Ms B Foye, RN, Clinical Nurse Consultant
Ms C Cargill, RN, Clinical Nurse Specialist
Ms S Alam, BAppSci(MRT) Senior Technologist
Mr D Rainey, DipMRT, Senior Technologist
Mrs Y Hillier, Secretary
Dr RJ Bandler, BA, PhD, DSc, FAA
Associate Professor DF Davey, BSc, PhD
Professor GAR Johnston, PhD, MSc, FRACI
Dr M Besser, MB BS, FRACS, FRCSC (C), FACS, Clinical Associate Professor, Director
Dr IH Johnston, MD ChB, PhD, BSc, FRACS, FRCS, Clinical Associate Professor, Visiting Neurosurgeon
Dr MG McGee-Collett, MB BS, FRACS, Visiting Neurosurgeon
Dr D McDowell, MB BS, FRACS, Visiting Neurosurgeon
Professor RS Gye, AO, MA (Oxon), Hon MD (Syd), DPhil (Oxon), BSc (Med), MB BS, FRACS
Dr NW Dorsch, MB BS, FRACS, FRCS
Clinical Associate Professor IH Johnston, MB ChB, PhD, BSc, FRACS, FRCA
Ms I Bloomfield, BSc
Dr C Kollar, MB BS
Ms V Dunne, Neurosurgery Scientific Officer
Dr P Lo, MB BS, BSc Med
Dr S McKechnie, MB BS
Professor PJV Beumont, Mphil(Lond), MSc (Oxon), MB, ChB, DPM, FRACP, FRANZCP, FRCP(UK), FRCsych.
Dr M Jennings, MB BS, FRAZCP, FRCP(C), Psychiatrist
Dr B O’Sullivan, PhD, MB BS, BSc(Med), FRANZCP
Dr R White, MB BS, FRANZCP, MRCPsych, Psychiatrist
Dr P Henke, MB BS, DPRM, FACRM, Head
Dr C Winer, LLB, MB BS, FACRM, MRCS, DRCOG, MLCOM, DPRM, Visiting Medical Officer
Mr M O’Brien, BA, DepRehabCouns, MaPsS, Psychologist
Professor CG Harper, MB BS, FRCPA, Professor of Neuropathology
Dr RS Pamphlett, MD ChB, BSc (Med), FRACP, MRCPath, Honorary Consultant Neuropathologist
Dr R Levingston, MB BS, Registrar
Mr R Stankovic, BSc, Senior Scientific Officer
Ms P Waley, Research Assistant
Mrs D Sheedy, Research Assistant
Ms F Png, BSc, Research Assistant
Dr M Slater, BSc, PhD, Research Officer
Ms S Kum Jew, Technical Officer
Mrs L Baum, Technical Officer
Professor W.P.R. Gibson,AM, MD, FRACS, FRCS, Professor of Otolargyngology and
Dr David Pohl, MBBS, FRACS, Senior VMO and Clinical Head of Department
Dr Glen Croxson, MBBS, FRACS, Senior VMO
Dr Martyn Mendelsohn, MBBS, FRACS, VMO
Dr Anthony Clifford, MBBS, FRACS, VMO
Dr Ian Jacobson, MBBS, FRACS, VMO
Dr Joseph Scoppa
Dr Brian O’Reilly
Dr Halit Sanli, Ph.D. Scientific Officer Cochlear Implant Unit
Dr Zoran Becvarovski
Dr Su Para
Dr Steven O’Leary
Dr Tim Mitchell, FRCS
Dr Ko Ueda
Dr Domingus Mungabe
Dr Charles Pauka, Ph.D
Dr Denyse Rockuy
Dr Chi Sum Tsang
Ms Monica Bray
E Frig, BSc, MND, Dietitian
Ms J McLean, BAppSc(OT), Occupational Therapist
M Davies, BAppSc(OT), Occupational Therapist
N Letts, BAppSc(OT), Occupational Therapist
J Little, BAppSc(OT), Occupational Therapist
M Lam, BAppSc(Phys), Physiotherapist
Ms J Green, MBiomedE, BSc, GradDipPhys, Physiotherapist
Ms N Cheong, BSc, BSW, Social Worker
M Doctor, BSW, MSW, Social Worker
Ms R Manusu, BAppSc(SpPath), Speech Pathologist
M Rodenhuit, BAppSc(SpPath), Speech Pathologist
K Garney, BAppSc(SpPath), Speech Pathologist
Dr J Ditton MB BS, FFARACS, FANZCA, Director
Dr M Jennings, MB BS, FRANZCP, FRACP(C), Psychiatrist
Dr G Brady, MB BS(Hons), FAFRM, FRACGP, Rehabilitation Physician
Associate Professor J N Lickiss, MD, FRACP, FRCP(Edin), Palliative Care Consultant
Dr C Senior, MB BS(Hons), FRACOG, Consulting Gynaecologist
Dr P Stalley, MB BS, FRACS, FAOrth A, Consulting Orthopaedic Surgeon
Dr M McGee-Collett MB BS(Syd), FRACS, Consulting Neurological Surgeon
Dr L Martin, BDS(Hons), Consulting DentistA Helou, RN, Grad Dip SC, MCN(NSW), Clinical Nurse Consultant
S Fogg, RN, Ad Cert OHN, Registered Nurse
L Bousfield, MA(Hons) MAPsS, Clinical Psychologist
A-M McCusker, B App Sci(Physio), GDPSM(Health), MAPA, Physiotherapist
Dr J Hallinan, MB BS, FRACR
Dr G Parker, MB BS, FRACR
Dr E Thompson, MB BS, FRACR
Dr J Soper, MB BS, FRACR
Mr B Roche, BS(Hons), DipEd, RN, Neurosciences Nurse Consultant
Ms V Gilsenan, RN, Nurse Unit Manager, Neurosurgery Operating Theatre
Ms C Hennessey, BA, RN, Nurse Unit Manager, Intensive Care Unit
Ms R Cullen, RN, ICUCert, Nursing Unit Manager
Mr M Shepherd, BHS, RN, DipAppSci, NNC, Nursing Unit Manager
Professor JG McLeod, AO, MB BS, BSc (Med), DPhil (Oxon), DSc, Hon DU (Aix-Marseille), FRCP (Lond), FRACP, FAA, FTSE, Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Bushell Professor of Neurology to July 1997
Professor JD Pollard, MB BS, BSc (Med), PhD, FRACP, Bushell Professor of Neurology from July 1997
Associate Professor GA Nicholson, MB BS, BSc (Med), PhD, FRACP
Dr JDG Watson, MB BS, BSc, DPhil (Oxon), FRACP
Dr F Yang, MD (China), MMed, Senior Scientific Officer
Dr BM Harrison, BSc, PhD, Research Affiliate
Mr K Westland, MSc
Sr R Ng, RN, Registered Nurse
Mr J Bonner, Senior Technical Officer
Dr Xiao Yang Lu, MB (China)
Ms Rachel Payne
Ms M Jackson, BA
Dr MK Morgan, MD, BS(Hons), FRACS, Associate Professor
Dr Ian Johnston, MD ChB, PhD, BSc, FRACS, FRCS, Clinical Associate Professor
Associate Professor PJ Armati, BSc, MSc, PhD
Dr K Cullen, BSc(Brown), PhD, NH & MRC Dementia & Dementia Care Post Doctoral Fellow
Ms Franca Mazzone, BSc
Mr David Warton
Professor JG McLeod, AO, MB BS, BSc (Med), DPhil (Oxon), DSc, Hon DU (Aix-Marseille), FRCP (Lond), FRACP, FAA, FTSE, Professor of Medicine and Bushell Professor of Neurology
Dr A McDougall, MB BS, BSc(Med), PhD, FRACP
Ms D Caine, PhD, MSc, BSc, MAPS
Ms E Wang, BE
Mr S Hatsigianis, BE
Mr A Migliacco, BE
Dr Doanh V Nguyen, MD
Dr S Andreas-Kauba, MB BS, MSc
Mr J Taylor BSc(Hons)
Dr WeiXing Yan, MB, Master of Medicine
Mr K Williams, BSc(Hons)
Ms O Lilje, BSc(Hons)
MJ Worrallo, BSc(Comb)
Dr D Holland, MB BS, (Auck)
Ms M Miranda-Held, BSc (Kol)
Mr S Kerr, B.Pharm
Ms R Murwani, MSc(Tokyo), M.Sc(UNSW)
Ms D Adrian, BSc
Ms Y Wanigesakana-Moti, BSc(Hons)
Mr G Betts, BSc
Mr RA Black, BE, BOThy, MBiomedE
Mr A Cartwright, BSc
Mr B McGrath, BE
Dr PD Cremer, MB BS, BSc(Med), FRACP
Ms A Brizuela, BSc
Mr A Huxley, BSc
Ms Nora Breen, MSc, BSc
Dr C Kollar, MB BS
Mr R Stankovic, BSc
Dr Wenlong Huang
Ms Meia Sutisno
Mr B Casey
Dr Xiao Yang Lu, MB
Dr DV Nguyen, MD
Ms K de Lapp, BSc
Mr Luke Delaney
Ms Sarah Ouvrier
Ms Antoinette Redoblado
Ms Karen Wallace
Ms Zoe Thayer
Ms I Bloomfield, BSc
Dr K Ho-Shon, MB BS, B CompSci
Mr A Anayat, BAppSci(MRT)
Ms Sylvana Georgie
Ms E Mathey
Mr S Fletcher
Ms D Vella, BSc
Mr M Thurtell, BSc
Dr David Toker, Neurology Department Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA.
Professor Thomas Brandt, Neurology Department, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
Professor Nick Wade, Psychology Department, University of Dundee.
Professor Ron Burde, Ophthalmology Department, Montefiore Hospital, New York University, NY.
Dr Johan Bergenius, Audiology Department, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm.
Dr Krister Brantberg, Audiology Department, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm.
Professor Jun-ichi Suzuki, Otolaryngology Department, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
Professor F Owen Black, Vestibular Research Unit, Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland OR.
Professor Barry Frost, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario Canada.
Professor Henry Brodaty, University of NSW, Drug treatments for Alzheimer’s disease.
Dr Barney Casey, University of Sydney, Fronto-
temporal dementia: the Concord Study.
Dr Jon Currie, Westmead Hospital, With a flick of an eye, she read his mind: eye movements as a reflection of cognitive functioning.
Mr Luke Delaney, Macquarie University, Profiles of dementia in a young population.
Ms Naida Graham, Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, UK.
Dr Glenda Halliday, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, What’s all this we hear about Lewy bodies?
Dr Justin Harris, University of NSW, Whisker-based perceptual learning in the rat somatosensory cortex.
Ms Phillipa Hedges, Westmead Hospital, The dementia of Huntington’s disease.
Professor John Hodges, Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, UK, Semantic dementia.
Dr Andrew Holmes, Wellcome Institute for Cognitive Science, London, UK, Workshop on the statistics of functional brain imaging.
Ms Suncica Lah, Children’s Hospital Westmead, Paediatric acquired anomic aphasia: a neuropsychological case study.
Dr Renee Morris, University of NSW, Anatomical description and functional significance of the connections between the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and the posterior hippocampal region in the rhesus monkey.
Dr Caroline Rae, University of Sydney, Brain spectroscopy and cognition.
Dr Ron Shnier, St George MRI, MRI in dementia.
Dr Robyn Tate, University of Sydney, Profiles of neuropsychological impairment and psychosocial outcome after traumatic brain injury.
Professor Sachio Takashima, Tokyo; Ms Louise Struthers, Leicester.
Dr A Tannenberg, Neuropathologist, Dept of Pathology Mater Misericordiae Hospital Brisbane QLD, Degenerative Diseases of the CNS.
Dr P Blumbergs, Neuropathologist, Institute of Med & Vet Science Adelaide SA, CNS Trauma.
Dr M Gonzales, Neuropathologist, Dept of Pathology Royal Melbourne Hospital VIC, Molecular biology of CNS tumours.
Dr M Rodriguez, Neuropathologist, NSW Institute of Forensic Medicine Glebe, CNS Tumours.
Dr J Powers, Neuropathologist, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester USA.
Dr V Ojeda, Neuropathologist, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Ms Louise Struthers, Research Scientist, Leicester England.
Professor Sachio Takashima, Neuropathologist, Tokyo Japan.
Dr Judy Fryer, Neuropathologist, Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal North Shore Hospital NSW, Degenerative Diseases of the CNS.
Dr H Sussilo Tan, Visiting Neurosurgical Fellow from Indonesia.
Professor T Tao, Visiting Neurosurgical Fellow from China.
Professor H Wagner, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, USA.
Dr P Price, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
Professor S-C Huang, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
Professor S Reske, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Dr R Weller, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Professor R Atcher, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, USA.
Dr R van Dalen, CTI Cyclotron Systems, CTI Inc., Knoxville, USA.
Mr R Weatherhead, Nuclear Medicine Division, Siemens Medical Systems Inc., Hoffman Estates, USA.
Mr E Wong, Nuclear Medicine Division (Pacific Rim), Siemens Medical Systems Inc., Hong Kong.
Dr I Gonda, V-P Research and Development, Aradigm Corporation, San Francisco, USA.
Professor W-C Siu, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Dr D Lun, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Dr L Chi-Kwong, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Professor J Keyes, Division of Radiologic Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA.
Mr Y Narita, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita City, Japan.
Professor Emeritus, University of Sydney
Doctor of Science, University of Sydney
Awarded the American/Australian Community Education Travel Grant to present her work at the GBS Satellite Meeting in San Diego.
First Class Honours in Biology.
Elliot Prize for the best honours thesis in animal biology.
First Class Honours in Biology.
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.
NH & MRC Centre of Excellence Award.
Douglas Baird Bicentennial Travelling Fellowship which she used to visit the Neurology Department at the Karls-Eberhard University in Tuebingen, Germany.
Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship to study the early assessment and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, in Baltimore, USA and Cambridge, UK.
Professor J G McLeod was awarded a Doctorate in Science from the University of Sydney in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the field of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. He was the E Graeme Robertson Memorial Lecturer at the Combined Scientific Meeting in Sydney of the Australian and British Association of Neurologists. At this meeting a Festschrift in his honour was held at which Professor Ian McDonald of London, Professor John Prineas of New Jersey and Professor Phillip Low of the Mayo Clinic gave outstanding papers. Professor McLeod was the Cairns Memorial Lecturer in Adelaide and was elected Chairman of the Research Advisory Board of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society of Australia.
Professor J G McLeod who had held the Chair of Neurology at the University of Sydney for twenty years retired in 1997. He is one of Australia’s most eminent and respected clinical scientists and was responsible for the creation of the Institute of Clinical Neurosciences. He guided it strongly in the early years, working tirelessly to establish the broad base and strength of diversity which it now enjoys. His peerless leadership set the standard of excellence which is now reflected in many of the Institute’s achievements listed in the accompanying research report. Professor McLeod will be greatly missed but since he was awarded the title of Emeritus Professor at the University of Sydney we all hope he will continue to play an important consultative role and stimulate our research efforts for years to come.
Professor Pollard was appointed in July as the 2nd Bushell Professor of Neurology. Professor Pollard was also invited to be the Brain Visiting Lecturer in London in July.
Associate Professor Armati was appointed a member of the Scientific Board which was responsible for scientific organisation of the 3rd Scientific Meeting of the Peripheral Nerve Society in Cambridge, England in July. She also ran a symposium on Alzheimer’s disease research with Professor Allen Roses, Duke University Medical Centre, USA at the 13th International Congress of Neuropathology in Perth in September.
Dr Michael Halmagyi was made Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, an honorary member of the Australian Society for Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and a corresponding member of the German Neurological Association. His team in the Hearing and Balance Unit was awarded an NH & MRC Centre of Excellence grant in 1997.
Dr Curthoys joined the Editorial Board of the journal, Experimental Brain Research. He also spent a 2 month sabbatical at: Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, College de France, Paris.
Clinical Associate Besser was appointed as the Neurosurgical Society representative to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Council. He was also elected to the Board of Examiners in Neurosurgery of the RACS and to the Fellowship of the American College of Surgeons. At the end of 1997 he was appointed as the Area Director of Neurosciences following Professor JG McLeod’s term of office.
Dr Michael Fulham was promoted to Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine at Sydney University. He was also appointed to the position of Head of the Department of PET and Nuclear Medicine and Deputy Area Director of Medical Imaging at the end of 1997.
The need for in-patient admission and the average length of stay has been reduced in recent years for a number of reasons: i) the performance of CT and MR scanning on an outpatient and inpatient basis, ii) the availability of hostel accommodation which allows selected relatively well patients to be investigated without hospital admission, iii) the use of highly structured clinics such as the Neuromuscular Clinic that provide ambulatory care and frequently avoid the need for admission by dealing with a wide range of investigations at a single visit. The consultant neurologists are rostered to care for acute admissions and for urgent out of hours consultations for four week periods providing around the clock availability of acute neurological care. The consultants are supported by two neurology registrars, a rotating registrar and a resident medial officer. Non-urgent consultations from other units are seen by one of the other consultants who are rostered on for weekly periods.
In addition to a weekly routine neurology outpatient Clinic which sees referrals from the Emergency Department and local medical officers, there are a number of highly specialised outpatient services which include the Neuromuscular Clinic, Seizure Control Clinic, Autonomic Assessment Laboratory, Neuro-Otology and Vertigo Clinics, and a full range of neurophysiological investigations including electroencephalography, prolonged video EEG monitoring, electromyography and nerve conduction studies and evoked potential studies of conduction within the central nervous system. The Department also runs a multi-disciplinary NeuroOncology Unit with weekly meetings that include neurosurgeons, neurologists, medical oncologists, neuropathologists, imaging specialists and radiation oncologists where patient management is discussed.
The Unit provides a very busy inpatient and outpatient service at RPA and Balmain Hospitals. It also receives referrals from centres across the whole of NSW. The Balmain service continues to be in high demand for the assessment of rehabilitation and geriatric patients and where, in addition, it provides reports for Guardianship Board decision-making. The Unit also provides clinical placements for students in the Clinical Neuropsychology course at Macquarie University and the Clinical Psychology course at Sydney University. Dr Watson continued to serve as co-chair of the Neurosciences Block of the Graduate Medical Program (GMP) at the University of Sydney, chair of the Faculty of Medicine Year VI Curriculum Committee and chair of the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee. We were very sorry that our longest serving staff member, Ms McFadyen, left the Unit in order to accept a position at Liverpool Hospital. She has a wealth of experience in dealing with patients and carers who are affected by brain damage, and will be a major asset to the patients at Liverpool.
Clinical Associate Professor Michael Besser stepped down as Chairman of the Neurosurgical Board but remains on the Board ex officio following his appointment as Area Director of Neurosciences. He convened a symposium on neurosurgical manpower requirements at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in May 1997. Clinical Associate Professor Ian Johnston led his very active research group almost en mass to a consensus conference on hydrocephalus in Assisi, Italy, in May 1997. Several papers were presented by the research group, working in the cerebrovascular laboratory at the University of Sydney, which were well received. Dr Martin McGee-Collett and Dr Patrick Lo presented a paper on Cervical Lamino-foramenotomy at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia held in Darwin, September 1997. This represented a retrospective review of patients treated for cervical radiculopathy over the last five years at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. The Department of Neurosurgery continues to provide an extensive outpatient and inpatient service for CSF circulation disorders, as well as an inpatient trans-cranial doppler service. The latter technique allows for non-invasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and is also used intra-operatively for carotid endarterectomy.
The Department continued its diagnostic, teaching and research work in 1997. Pathological findings provide valuable information when correlated with the patients neurological history. The Department provides the necessary feed-back to neurologists / neurosurgeons by reviewing cases that are of interest from both a clinical and pathological perspective, with the view to more accurate, timely diagnosis and more effective patient management. There were a number of staff changes in 1997. We were joined by Mr Roger Stankovic, who has replaced Dr Jillian Kril as senior hospital scientist. Mr Stankovic is also undertaking a part-time PhD looking at the effects of neurotoxins on SOD-1 knock-out mice. Dr Robyn Levingston, our registrar for 1997 will take up a post at the Prince of Wales Hospital. Post mortem examination are no longer undertaken at RPA and are now done at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Glebe. In 1998 roster changes are likely to result in the Neuropathology registrar performing few or no post mortem examinations. The format for the Thursday afternoon meetings was changed in 1997, so that Neuropathology teaching sessions are now presented every three weeks instead of weekly, as a clinicopathological correlation or a brain dissection session. The Department of Pathology was successful in obtaining grant funding to purchase a confocal microscope, a new fluorescence microscope, and computers and software for up-to-date image analysis. These high standard systems are available to user’s from other Precinct Departments. Positions in the postgraduate neuropathology course were filled very early this year, and the course will be run in January as usual. The neuropathology unit will be heavily involved in neuroscience teaching in the first semester of the graduate medical program next year. The Department also acts as a state wide referral center for the pathological diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD). Of the 133 autopsies carried out this year 16 were investigated for CJD.
During 1997, 420 cerebral angiograms were performed. Thirty four patients were treated with Cerebral Embolisation procedures over 44 sessions as part of the Federally funded Cerebrovascular Embolisation (CVE) program. During 1997, 5401 head scans were performed. The number of myelograms has fallen to 61, while 368 CT scans of the spine were performed. Meanwhile, the Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging scanner maintained a very heavy work load, working seven days each week and during the year 2347 brain scans were carried out together with 1827 MR scans of the spine.
The Department provides functional imaging capabilities to the Institute of Clinical Neurosciences through the use of PET and SPECT scanning. The major uses are in epilepsy for the location of the origin of seizure in patients with uncontrolled seizures, in patients with brain tumours to help identify aggressive from slow growing tumours, to locate the most aggressive part of the tumour prior to neurosurgery and in the neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease where PET can aid diagnosis. The PET service obtained some Federal funding for clinical studies in late 1997 which will greatly aid the provision of this service which is unique to the State.
The Psychiatry Department at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital has clinical, teaching and research functions which overlap with those of the Institute. The Psychiatry Department provides consultation to Institute inpatients and ambulant patients; these services are reciprocated by neurologists. Common reasons for collaboration are coexistent depression, anxiety, somatoform disorders and psychosis. In addition there are specific liaison psychiatric attachments within the Pain Management Centre (Dr Michael Jennings) and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program (Dr Richard White). Dr Brendan O’Sullivan has a major role within the Neurosciences Network, which has produced outstanding research on neurophysiological and cognitive accompaniments of schizophrenia, depression and disorders associated with deafness. Neurologists participate in the systematic training of psychiatrists aspiring to fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
The Central Sydney Area has thirteen clinical groups. The Neurosciences clinical group comprises the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology and Pain Management at Royal Prince Alfred, Concord, Balmain and Canterbury Hospitals. During the year the strategic plan for Neurosciences was completed setting out the strategies for integrating the neuroscience services in the hospitals of the Area.
The neurosurgical services are the largest and most comprehensive in New South Wales. The only Chair of Otolaryngology in New South Wales is situated at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. The Ophthalmology services are the second largest in New South Wales. Neuropsychology at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital is the largest clinical service of its kind in the State and it participates in postgraduate training with Macquarie and Sydney Universities and has an extensive research programme. The RPAH Neuro-Otology Unit is a major world centre for the investigation and management of hearing and balance disorders. The Department of Neurology at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital has a unique service and international reputation for diagnosis, management and research into peripheral nerve disorders and is the New South Wales referral centre for peripheral nerve and muscle pathology.
During the financial year 1996/1997 there were 113.52 staff eft, 8620 admissions, 1548 same day admissions and 25,097 occasions of service.
The Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital is an active unit represented internationally as well as locally. In 1997 Sydney hosted the International Federation of Otolaryngological Societies at which Royal Prince Alfred Hospital played a major role. We were also represented in Canada, the United States and Japan at international meetings by members of our Department. Nationally, presentations and invited lectures at Melbourne, Ayers Rock, Newcastle and Adelaide were presented. Locally, our Department is the main training hospital for the Registrar Training Programme, conducts and co-ordinates Grand Rounds for Sydney otolaryngologists, provides workshops and teaching courses in temporal bone surgery, the professional voice, swallowing and dysphagia, and originated the National Voice Centre. The Hospital has a vigorous inpatient service providing for 640 separations in 1997, 83 through accident and emergency, 74 as Day Stay, and 483 patients as full admissions. In addition to this over 1900 Outpatients were seen in 1997.
J G McLeod, J D Pollard, A McDougall, J Frith, Sr. R Ng.
For the past three years we have been participating in a double-blind, placebo-controlled international trial of ß-interferon Ia in the treatment of relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The first two years of the relapsing-remitting study have been completed and preliminary analysis of the results has been made available. Treatment with Rebif resulted in a reduction in the number of relapses, rate of progression of disability, and number of MRI lesions. The three year study of secondary progressive patients has been completed and the results of the statistical analysis are awaited. These studies have been extended for another year to compare the relative effectiveness of two different doses of Rebif.
Support: Ares-Serono
J D Pollard, P Cremer, J G McLeod, Sr. R Ng.
Twenty patients with both relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS were recruited into a double blind, placebo controlled international trial of Linomide in the treatment of MS. Unfortunately this trial was terminated in 1997 because of unexpected cardiac complications which were attributed to the study medications.
Support: Pharmacia-Upjohn.
J G McLeod, D B Williams
Case ascertainment has been completed in the epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in the Hunter River District to determine whether or not there has been a change in the incidence and prevalence of the disease since previous surveys in 1961 and 1981. It is anticipated that the study will be completed during 1998.
Support: The Philip Bushell Foundation
K Westland, S Sander, T-L Chan Ling, Xiao Yang Lu,, J Bonner, J D Pollard.
EAE is a widely studied model of MS and can be induced by injecting an animal with myelin from another species. These studies in EAE have shown that pathological changes most similar to those in human MS are obtained when both antibodies and T cells are involved.
Many studies have failed to find a specific antigen against which T cells are stimulated in MS patients. Based on experience in the analogous peripheral nerve disorders, we have experimented with T cells activated to antigens not found in brain. We induced those T cells to accumulate in brain and found that even large quantities of such cells alone caused little damage
but if circulating antimyelin antibody was present in these rats, large plaques of demyelination were found in the region of T cell accumulation. This study further emphasises the importance of antibodies in causing demyelination. We are currently using this model to test the serum and CSF of MS patients, to see whether antimyelin antibodies are present in patients during acute attacks.
We have collaborated with Dr Jonathan Sedgwick of the Centenary Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer Medicine in his studies in EAE. Dr Sedgwick and his group have used molecular biological techniques to produce mice which lack specific genes (knockout-mice). In recent studies genes for important cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin have been targeted and the role of these cytokines in EAE have been more clearly defined. We have examined these animals to assess whether the presence or absence of such cytokines can affect the process of demyelination.
K Westland, S Sander, T-L Chan Ling, J Bonner, J D Pollard.
Kornelius Westland has shown that activated T cells and some cytokines, particularly tumour necrosis factor (TNF) cause the blood brain barrier (BBB) to become leaky and permiable to antibody and other soluble factors. It is likely that such leakiness is an important factor in producing the clinical and pathological features of an MS attack. We are currently testing various compounds such as an antibody to the TNF receptor to see whether the leakiness of the BBB can be prevented.
In collaboration with Dr Tailoi Chan Ling of the Department of Anatomy we have studied the BBB in retinal blood vessels. Dr Chan Ling has examined the retina following the injection of activated T cells. Using special stains Dr Chan Ling has shown that retinal veins become leaky only in those regions where T cells pass out of the vessel into the retina and accumulate. We plan to use in situ hybridization to study the cytokines produced at those sites of vessel leakiness.
Support: The National Multiple Sclerosis Society of Australia and The Philip Bushell Trust
J D Pollard, J G McLeod, J C Walsh, L Davies, M Barnett, R Ouvrier.
Neuropathy indicates malfunction of the peripheral nervous system - those nerves which activate limb movement and convey sensation to the brain. IDN constitutes the major treatable group of neuropathies and the two major disorders in the Western world are the Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Our group contributed to an international trial of immunoglobulin versus plasma exchange versus combined treatment in GBS. The results of this work (led by Professor Richard Hughes of Guy’s Hospital, London) were published in 1997 and showed that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is as effective as plasma exchange but no added benefit resulted from combining these therapies. IVIg is therefore the first line therapy in most European and North American centres but unfortunately in Australia, particularly in NSW it is virtually unprocurable except at great cost. Members of our group, together with patients and patient support groups and other interested parties are working together to address this important problem.
Dr Michael Barnett reviewed the management of CIDP patients studied in our centre over the past twenty years. He found that although most patients responded either to plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin there were twenty patients who were resistant to these therapies. Of alternate therapies tested in these patients by far the most effective was Cyclosporin A (CSA) which was effective in about 80% of cases. This study demonstrated that in a high percentage of CIDP cases, even those resistant to other therapies, CSA is efficacious and may be used in low dosage.
Although we can effectively treat a majority of GBS and CIDP patients, the cause(s) of these disorders remains unknown and occasional patients are seriously disabled. Much of our research effort therefore is directed to defining causative factors, and we have focussed our attention on CIDP. The nerves of patients with GBS and CIDP have areas of inflammation and loss of the insulating myelin membrane surrounding nerve fibres. The clinical and electrophysiological features of these disorders, like those of multiple sclerosis can in large be explained by myelin loss or demyelination; our laboratory has for this reason a major interest and research effort into mechanisms of demyelination.
W X Yan, S Andreas-Kauba, J Taylor, K Westland, S Sander, J Bonner, J D Pollard.
As certain CIDP patients respond, sometimes dramatically to plasma exchange, antibody may play an important role in the demyelinating process. Wei Xing Yan and Susan Andreas-Kauba assisted by Jude Taylor and Kornelius Westland have taken serum from CIDP patients responsive to plasma exchange and examined it for demyelinating potential. These studies have produced very exciting results. We have shown that in the serum of some patients who respond to plasma exchange, complement components and antibody may be detected. These react with myelin and cause the demyelination. Moreover we have shown that these antibodies react with a major structural protein of the myelin. These findings confirm the autoimmune nature of CIDP and represent a newly defined autoimmune disease. Other target antigens are currently under study.
Support: NH & MRC and The Philip Bushell Trust
E Mathey, J D Pollard, P J Armati
This study examined nerve biopsies from CIDP patients for a group of molecules known as cytokines. Ms Mathey an Honours student, specifically looked for the cytokines, tumour necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon and interleukin-2 which are strongly linked to inflammation and examined their localisation in nerve by in situ hybridisation. These molecules were found in the vicinity of blood vessels thus providing an explanation of how blood vessels become leaky, allowing molecules such as antibodies to enter the nerve compartment. Ms Mathey was awarded an Australian American Community Education Grant to present this work at the Guillain Barré Symposium in San Diego in July.
Support: NH & MRC & The Philip Bushell Trust
R Murwani, P J Armati.
Retno Murwani completed her PhD research, in which she defined the cell types within normal nerve which can be induced to produce cytokines associated with inflammation. Her work shows that not only the patrolling immune system cells are involved in disease processes in GBS and CIDP, but that also some nerve tissue cells participate.
Support: AusAID, NH & MRC
J Taylor, S Andreas-Kauba, J D Pollard.
An important tool in our research laboratory is the animal model EAN which is the experimental counterpart of GBS and CIDP. This model has until very recently been considered an example of a cell mediated autoimmune disease ie. one in which all the clinical and pathological features are mediated by cells rather than antibody and other humoral factors. EAN may be induced by injecting animals with myelin or transfusing them with lymphocytes activated against myelin antigens. Jude Taylor has shown that if rats given T cell-induced EAN are also given serum from rats injected with myelin (and containing antimyelin antibodies) much more severe disease and demyelination occur. This experiment shows that antibodies play an important role in this most important and widely studied model which has determined the direction of research into the human diseases. This important finding should renew the search for pathogenic antibodies in human IDN.
Support: NH & MRC and The Philip Bushell Trust
J Taylor, J D Pollard
Studies over recent years in our laboratory particularly by Dr J Spies, have shown that one important effect of T cells in the demyelinating diseases, is to change the permeability of the blood/nerve or blood/brain barrier. Jude Taylor has continued this work and has shown that demyelinating antibodies found in patients with CIDP will induce demyelination in rats if the blood nerve barrier is made leaky by activated T cells. This is the first demonstration of passive transfer of a human neuropathy, and a most important finding. In other studies he has shown that T cells activated to particular myelin antigens eg. P2 do not themselves destroy the myelin; preliminary studies imply that B cells (antibody producing cells) must be activated and are necessary before demyelination can occur.
Support: The Philip Bushell Trust
L Davies, C Cappelan-Smith
Nerve Growth Factors (NGFs) are small protein molecules that regulate the growth of nerve fibres. Many diabetics develop peripheral neuropathies where the ends of the nerve fibres die which can lead to pain and numbness in the tips of the toes and fingers but can also progress to a severe disability. This trial involves the use of NGFs in the prevention of diabetic neuropathy and the measurement of the extent and degree of involvement with neurophysiological tests that will be carried out prior to and during treatment.
L Davies, J Harris
The CAPRIE trial was recently completed. It was one of the largest controlled clinical drug trials ever undertaken and it was designed to test the efficacy of a new drug (Clopidrogel), when compared to aspirin, in preventing stroke, heart attacks and peripheral vascular disease. The common thread in these conditions is that blood clots form in blood vessels and thus block blood flow which then results in death of the tissue that is supplied by the vessel. The trial enrolled 20,000 patients who took aspirin or Clopidogrel for 2 years. Patients and investigators were unaware of which medication a particular patient was taking. The results clearly indicated that Clopidogrel provided a small (10%) but significant reduction is risk for vascular disease when compared to aspirin. Further work is needed but the trial established that Clopidogrel was a useful agent in vascular disease and it provides a benchmark for future therapeutic advances.
JDG Watson, S Day, J Talbot-Stern
The Department of Neurology continues to participate in a number of international, multicentre, double-blind trials of a number of cerebral protective agents, the rationale being to limit the amount of brain damage after a stroke. The first such trial used the agent lubeluzole and had favourable preliminary results.
JDG Watson, S Day
Members of a multicentre group are involved in a secondary prevention stroke trial, testing the lowering of blood pressure(BP) after a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). It is well known that lowering BP after such events is beneficial in patients with hypertension. What is not known is if BP lowering in all patients, regardless of the initial BP, is helpful and this is the aim of the trial. It will be completed in the year 2000.
Y. Wanigasekara-Motti, PJ Armati, B Roufagalis
This group is developing a tissue culture model using rat brain, for studies on ischaemic damage to nerve cells. This work is focussing on changes to calcium levels and levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Support: Australian Research Council
IS Curthoys, DPD Gilchrist, A Cartwright, GM Halmagyi.
The aim of this study was to determine if there was recovery of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular response (HVOR), measured during rapid head rotations, after unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) using a guinea pig animal model. The experiments showed that the HVOR did recover before 3 months. These data were used to develop a neural network model of dynamic vestibular function. This approach uses statistical analysis to identify regions responsible for the action. The project also included the physiological verification for the vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Our recent data demonstrate that intense clicks do activate otolith receptors within the inner ear and the associated nerve fibres.
Support: NH & MRC
IS Curthoys, A Burgess, RA Black, GM Halmagyi.
These experiments measure the location and trajectory of the axis of eye rotation during combinations of stimulation by semicircular canals and otoliths in normal subjects and in patients who have undergone unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Our results show that in subjects with unilateral vestibular loss the modulation of eye rotation observed in normals is markedly reduced.
Support: NH & MRC
GM Halmagyi, IS Curthoys, RA Black, MJ Todd
This project is on-going work to find a reliable means of predicting the outcome of surgery on the balance organs of the inner ear. In about 1 patient in 4 who have this surgery, usually performed for benign tumours or disabling attacks of vertigo, an unavoidable side-effect is permanent imbalance. Thus far we have concentrated on the alterations in gaze refixation. We have used a specially constructed portable system to take measurements in the lab and in the street. Our preliminary data show that all patients appear to adapt well for unilateral loss of vestibular function and this test is not a reliable way of predicting symptomatic imbalance. Now, we hope to discover how and why patients adapt so well for unilateral and in some cases for bilateral loss.
Support: NH & MRC, NH & MRC Postgraduate Scholarship - Mr RA Black
IS Curthoys, A Burgess, GM Halmagyi
This on-going work is to investigate the effect of linear acceleration stimulation of the otoliths on the generation of human 3-D eye movements. Our data show that the otolithic control of the axis of eye rotation in humans is less than for monkeys and that many of the models of human otolith function that are based on primate results are inappropriate. We have measured how the axis of eye rotation is affected by head position and have also focussed on ways of measuring the semicircular canal planes from MR scans in order to interpret the large range of torsional eye velocities seen in normal healthy subjects. Support: NIH
IS Curthoys, A Cartwright, H MacDougall GM Halmagyi
Work continued on the development and upgrade (hardware and software) of the VTM (Video Torsional Measurement) system. The program was converted to run under LabVIEW and Windows NT. The new software allows accurate measurements of torsion at extreme ocular positions. We are developing a synchronized version of VTM to allow for true binocular recording of eye movements. We have shown that the two parts of the otoliths (utricle and saccule) interact in a way that has not been reported previously.
Support: NH & MRC, NH & MRC Postgraduate Scholarship - Mr Steven Moore; part-support Nasa
G Betts, IS Curthoys, H MacDougall
A simple, cheap but effective test of otolith function which we developed some years ago was to require patients to set a small line of light in an otherwise darkened room to the perceived horizontal. Otolith dysfunction causes the eyes to roll and the perception of the horizontal follows
torsion and errors of more than 2 deg are indicative of inner ear dysfunction. We have used these data to solve a century-old problem ie. there must be an extra-retinal signal about eye position which is used for "adjusting" perception. Our results show that this postulate is not correct. In 1997 we developed tests that will be used on astronauts before and after the April 1998 Neurolab Spaceshuttle flight. This is a unique opportunity to determine how vestibular deprivation, from a 16 day spaceflight, affects vestibular perception. We hope that we can provide clues into how patients respond to deprivation of otolithic input.
Partial Support: NASA
JDG Watson, M Coltheart, I Harris, BT O'Sullivan
This project has completed its 3rd year. Fifty normal volunteers have been studied using positron emission tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging. Subjects carry out word recognition tasks and PET is used to obtain images of neuronal activity in the brain. A comparison of the images obtained in
different experimental conditions allows inferences to be made about the brain areas that are active in a particular cognitive process. Activations were found in expected areas of the brain but in addition, we found that there are substantial individual difference in the way language is processed in the normal human brain. Support: NH & MRC, University of Sydney Research Grant Scheme, Australian Brain Foundation
P Wenderoth, GF Egan, JDG Watson
This small project has used PET and MR techniques to examine how normal subjects gauge symmetry when they view objects. Discrete areas of cortical activation were found. The results form the basis of an ARC application for 1999. Support: ARC
D Badcock, JDG Watson, GF Egan
This project using PET and MR techniques commenced in 1997. It examines the brain activation that takes place in normal subjects while viewing different types of movement. Support: ARC
JDG Watson, G Paxinos
This PET and MR project commenced in 1997. It is aimed at a better understanding of the functional anatomy of the human parietal lobes. Visual stimuli are used to cause activation of the parietal lobe, and then the sites of activation are compared with the histologically defined regions. Support: NH & MRC
LA Miller, D Caine, N Breen, I Protopopescu, M Cooper, JDG Watson
This project follows the Unit’s strong interest in the structure/function of the parietal lobe. Subjects are asked to carry out precise and difficult visuomotor tasks. They also undergo standardised neuropsychological tests of visuomotor skills. There appears to be a correlation between performances in these different types of tests.
D Caine, N Breen, I Harris, JDG Watson
This study involves a series of intensive single case investigations of patients with visual perceptual problems, with the aim of testing and extending current models of visual processing, including face and object recognition and spatial representations. Another aspect of this research involves imaging studies in normal people while they carry out different experimental tasks.
DS Celermajer, A Keech, D Caine, LS Miller, M Corr
Bypass surgery and coronary angioplasty (the opening up of blocked arteries by small balloons that are pushed along inside the vessels) are routine procedures in our society. The 2 procedures achieve similar outcomes but investigators are concerned that there may be different cognitive or intellectual performance outcomes.
N Breen, M Coltheart, D Caine, JDG Watson
Misidentification syndromes are disorders that involve a deviation from the normal processes of recognising people and places eg. a belief that certain people, usually close relatives, have been replaced by an imposter. In most cases, people (spouse, family members) or places with the strongest emotional attachment to the person are the focus of the misidentification. Our aim is to understand the origins of misidentification syndromes.
N Breen, D Caine, JDG Watson
This test is being developed to detect patients with deficits in face recognition . Usually people are very good at recognising faces, but sometimes stroke, head injury and other brain diseases result in people losing this ability. There is no standard Australian Famous Faces Test and our aim is to develop such a standardised Test. After a careful selection process 40 famous faces have then been identified and normative data are now being collected.
K. Williams, PJ. Armati, AR. Roses
Work this year has concentrated on examining the uptake of apoE by cultured human central nervous system neurons. ApoE is a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with individuals inheriting the apoE4 isoform at a much higher risk than those inheriting apoE2 or apoE3. Alzheimer's disease brain is characterised by two distinguishing features, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, both of which contain apoE.
Studies this year have demonstrated that neurons can take up apoE and that such uptake is by a specific apoE receptor, the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP). We are examining how apoE contributes to the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
Support: Nerve Research Foundation & Kathleen & Joseph Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Centre, Duke University NC, USA
K Cullen
Brain tissue from Alzheimer’s disease patients shows strong evidence that the fundamental pathology in Alzheimer’s disease is at the level of the small blood vessels. A key focus of the coming year will be to determine the stages of development of the plaque and examine the ultrastructure of the microvessels in order to determine the nature of the vascular breakdown.
Support: NH & MRC
CG Harper and the Brain Network, K Cullen
A new program of research is being developed by the Neuropathology group which relates to disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mood disorders. The NH&MRC has provided funding to initiate a tissue bank which will facilitate research into the pathological and neurochemical changes in these disorders.
Support: NH & MRC
B Casey, MJ Fulham, S Meikle, S Eberl, A Broe
This project is using neuropsychological techniques and PET to characterise a particular type of dementia that is not due to Alzheimer's disease the so-called frontal dementias. Preliminary findings suggest that there are characteristic findings on the PET scans in these patients and it is hoped that these data will provide a better understanding of these disorders.
S. Kerr, B. Brew, PJ. Armati
Human brain cultures exposed to the inflammatory neurotoxin, quinolinic acid was found to be toxic to the nerve cells. This study has shown an important relationship between quinolinic acid and the pathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex.
Support: NH & MRC
CG Harper
Professor Harper has been studying the long-term effects of alcohol on the brain for many years and is considered a world leader in this field. Many of the problems in alcoholics and heavy social drinkers relate to an inadequate diet. Alcohol interferes with the absorption and metabolism of a number of vitamins of which the most important is vitamin B1 (thiamine). A number of very severe diseases emanate from this deficiency and as a result the government introduced an enrichment of bread flour with thiamine in 1991 to reduce the prevalence of these disorders. During 1997 the prevalence of brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency was reviewed and Prof Harper showed that there has been a marked (>200%) reduction in the problem.
IH Johnston, E Jacobson, M Morgan
The last year has seen the formation of an active hydrocephalus research at the Sydney University Cerebrovascular Laboratory under the supervision of Associate Professor Ian Johnston and Associate Professor Michael Morgan. This follows on from work done by Dr Erica Jacobson who is completing her PhD which was focussed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in hydrocephalus. In this study CSF infusion techniques, CBF studies with laser Doppler measurements and measurements of cortical venous dynamics using direct micro-pressure monitoring were explored. Dr Jacobson has completed the theoretical, clinical and experimental work and during the process has developed an exciting new computer model of CSF pathways. Associate Professor I Johnston is also preparing a monograph on disorders of CSF circulation and is continuing specific studies into the efficacy of different methods of evaluating shunt malfunction and the design of a new ventricular catheter to avert proximal shunt blockage.
Support: Madelaine Foundation
C Kollar , IH Johnston, M Morgan
Dr C Kollar is setting up an experimental model of venous sinus obstruction in laboratory animals and will use perfusion techniques to measure parameters of the CSF circulation. In the long term it is planned to elucidate the relationship between CSF absorption and the etiology of pseudo-tumour cerebri.
I Bloomfield, IH Johnston, M Morgan
This work involves the study of rheology of CSF because CSF viscosity has an important bearing on the treatment of CSF circulation disorders and on the efficiency of shunt treatment. The work will extend to include the development of acute computer models of hydrocephalus.
The overall aim of this exciting work is to produce a clearer understanding of the CSF circulation disorders affecting the brain and thus lead to more rational treatment for hydrocephalus and its related disorders.
R Pamphlett
Dr Pamphlett's group continued to study the effects of heavy metals on the nervous system. They found that very low doses of mercury vapour, similar to those generated from dental fillings, enter and remain in the motor neurons of mice. More mercury appears to enter motor neurons of female than of male mice, probably because male mice sequester more mercury in their kidneys. They have recently shown that mercury in motor neurons causes motor axons to shrink. Other work in progress is examining the uptake of zinc into motor neurons, the levels of heavy metals in the blood of Motor Neuron Disease (MND) patients, the fetal transfer of mercury vapour and DNA oxidation due to mercury toxicity.
Support: NH & MRC
R Stankovic, R Pamphlett
Mr Stankovic has recently commenced research towards a PhD which will involve a study of the neurotoxic effects of mercury in animal models of MND. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that is important for the bodies' defence against oxygen radicals. A mutation in the gene that codes for the production of this enzyme was discovered in 10% of patients suffering from familial MND. Recently, mice have been genetically engineered that have the SOD-1 gene deleted from their genetic repertoire. A universal hypothesis for the etiology of MND centres around the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. The hypothesis of oxidative damage due to heavy metal exposure in sporadic cases of MND can be directly examined by subjecting SOD-1 knock-out mice to a heavy metal that may be implicated as a cause of the disease.
Support: NH & MRC
M Miranda, D Holland, AJ Cunningham, PJ Armati
This work is extending previous work on the way in which Herpes simplex virus is assembled and transported in nerve cells in a tissue culture model. The virus enters the nerve cells from the skin and travels along the nerve fibres to the cell body where the nucleus is situated. They are stored in the nucleus and reproduce from time to time, travelling back along the nerve fibre to the skin cells where they may cause an inflammatory lesion such as a cold sore. These studies found that the outer envelope of the virus and its inner nucelocapsid are transported separately from the nucleus and that different regions of the nerve cell are involved in handling each component. The work has implications for developing a therapeutic strategy to prevent cold sore formation.
Support: NH & MRC; Glaxo Wellcome
J.Worrallo, PJ Armati, AJ Cunningham
Studied the effect of two drugs on cells infected with the Herpes virus comparing cell lines as well as normal nerve and skin cells in tissue culture. They found that normal cells reacted differently to cell lines, in response to the drugs. This is important as cell lines are often used in defining drug dosage.
Support: NH & MRC; Glaxo-Wellcome
B Roufagalis, V Dedov, P J Armati.
Dr Dedov and Professor Roufagalis and Department of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, in association with Professor Armati are investigating mechanisms of action of capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of peppers, as a cellular model for the study of pain sensation. Nerve cells sensitive to capsaicin are isolated and capsaicin is added to the cultures evoke changes believed to be those which occur in pain. Using intracellular calcium imaging, Dr V Dedov showed that there are two subpopulations of capsaicin-sensitive neurons: Current studies are examining cell death associated with capsaicin.
Support: SPIRT grant
R Fulton
This project involves the use of a tracker, attached to the patient's head, to detect and record motion during neurologic SPECT study. Head motion during a study produces errors in the resulting image. A novel reconstruction technique (called 3D OSEM) corrects for motion that is detected and results in a more accurate image.
S Meikle, PK Hooper, MJ Fulham
This project derived from the development of SET scanning in whole body PET imaging (now in routine clinical use). The aim was to maintain the accuracy of brain PET scans while reducing the time taken to perform the study and it was shown the method produces a comparable image but with a shorter scan time.
S Eberl, A Anayat, MJ Fulham
Numerical assessment of say glucose metabolism in the brain, using PET, generally requires blood sampling at multiple timepoints during the study. Blood is obtained from a vein or artery. Dr Fulham's group have developed a population based method that retains accuracy but only requires 2 blood samples, is well tolerated by patients and is easy to implement for clinical use.
MJ Fulham, PK Hooper, R Fulton
This project improves image quality for brain PET scans when the image sets have poor signal-to-noise ratios eg. when there is patient movement, short acquisition in unco-operative patients or when the blood sugar level is high. It uses an OS-EM algorithm.
A Anayat, S Eberl, JC Walsh, MJ Fulham
This project produces 3D images of the distribution of cerebral glucose metabolism which is particularly useful for the evaluation of patients suspected of having dementia and extra-temporal lobe epilepsy. The subjects' data can also be compared to normal age- and sex-matched data to provide maps of marked involvement which should allow for a better understanding of the disease.
B Casey, MJ Fulham, S Meikle, S Eberl, A Broe
This project is using neuropsychological techniques and PET to characterise a particular type of dementia that is not due to Alzheimer's disease the so-called frontal dementias. Preliminary findings suggest that there are characteristic findings on the PET scans in these patients and it is hoped that these data will provide a better understanding of these disorders.
Professor William Gibson is internationally recognised for his work on cochlear implantation and Meniere’s disease and is pioneering clinical trials with a new cochlear implant, the C124M, manufactured by Cochlear Pty Ltd.
Dr David Pohl is working in collaboration with A/P Michael Halmagyi in the investigation and management of vestibular disorders.
Dr Glen Croxson is coordinating a project on facial nerve function and dysfunction involving Susan Coulson and Wendy Gilliard of Sydney University and the Biomechanics Division of Cumberland College.
Dr Martyn Mendelsohn has played an important role in the establishment of a National Voice Centre and in the analysis and treatment of dysphagia.
Aw ST, Haslwanter T, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Yavor RA, Todd MJ (1997) Three dimensional analysis of the human vestibulo-ocular reflex during high acceleration head rotation in normals and after unilateral vestibular deafferentation. In: Fetter M, Haslwanter T, Misslich H, Tweed D (eds) Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Eye, Head and Limb Movements London, Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 265-274.
Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM, Black RA, Haslwanter T, Topple AN (1997) Three-dimensional eye movement recordings during off-center yaw rotation of human subjects: how the linear VOR modifies the angular VOR. In Fetter M, Haslwanter T, Misslich H, Tweed D (eds) Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Eye, Head and Limb Movements London, Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 187-190.
Halmagyi GM, Yavor RA, McGarvie LM (1997) Tests of vestibular function. In: Electrophysiologic Evaluation in Otolaryngology. J Jerger, B Alford, H Jenkins (eds) Karger, New York. p. 132-4.
Harper C, Butterworth RF (1997) Nutritional and metabolic disorders. In: Greenfield's Neuropathology. 6th edition,. Lantos P, Graham D (Eds) Edward Arnold, Cambridge. p. 601-655.
Harper CG, Corbett D (1997) Alcoholism and dementia. In: The Neuropathology of Dementia. Esiri M , Morris H (Eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 294-303.
Low PA, McLeod JG, (1997) Autonomic Neuropathies. In: Clinical Autonomic Disorders, 2nd Ed. PA Low (Ed): Philadelphia, Lippincott Raven.
p. 463-486.
Moore ST, Curthoys IS Haslwanter T Halmagyi GM (1997) Measuring three-dimensional eye position using image processing - the VTM system. In Fetter M, Haslwanter T, Misslich H, Tweed D (eds) Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Eye, Head and Limb Movements, London, Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 445-450.
Besser M, McKechnie S (1997) Surgical management of vertebrobasilar aneurysms. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:1:39-46
Besser M, Khurana V (1997) Pathophysiological basis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:2:122-131.
Besser M, Hill D, Stalley P, Pennington D, McCarthy W (1997) Competency based learning in traumatology. American Journal Surgery 173: 136-140
Besser M, Lo P, Lam A (1997) Sinus pericranii: a clinical and radiological review of an unusual condition. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:2: 247-252
Caine D, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, Harper CG (1997) Operational criteria for the classification of chronic alcoholics: identification of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 62:51-60.
Caine D, Kril JJ, Halliday GM, Harper CG (1997) Operational criteria for the classification of chronic alcoholics for research and treatment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 62:1-51-60.
Chan-Ling T Contribution by personal invitation (1997) Glial, neuronal and vascular cytogenesis in retinal wholemounts. A special issue of Microscopy Research and Technique 36:1-16.
Coltheart M, Langdon R, Breen N (1997) Misidentification syndromes and cognitive neuropsychiatry. Trends in Cognitive Science 1: 157-158.
Cremer PD, Johnston IH, Halmagyi GM (1997) Pseudotumor cerebri due to cryptococcal meningitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 62:96-8
Cullen KM, Halliday GM, Caine D, Kril JJ (1997) The nucleus basalis (Ch4) in the alcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: reduced cell number in both amnesic and non-amnesic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 63:315-320.
Cullen KM, GM Halliday, KL Double, WS Brooks, H Creasy and GA Broe (1997) Cell loss in the nucleus basalis is related to regional cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 78: 641-652.
Cullen KM (1997) Perivascular astrocytes within Alzheimer’s disease plaques. NeuroReport 8: 1961-1966.
Curthoys IS, Betts GA (1997) The role of utricular stimulation in determining perceived postural roll-tilt. Australian Journal of Psychology 49: 134-138.
Davies L, as part of the CAPRIE study group (1996) A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348, 1329-1339
Dodd, PR, Eckert AL, Fletcher L, Kril, JJ, Harper CG, Halliday JW (1997) Concentrations of transferrin and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in post-mortem human brain from alcoholics. Addiction Biology 2:337-348.
Eberl S, Anayat AR, Fulton RR, Hooper PK, Fulham MJ (1997) Evaluation of two population-based input functions for quantitative FDG PET studies. European Journal Nuclear Medicine 24:299-304.
Gibson WPR and Harrison HC (1997) Further experience with a straight, vertical incision for placement of cochlear implants. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 111:128-132.
Gibson WPR, Arenberg I K (1997) Pathophysiologic theories in the etiology of Meniere’s Disease. Otolaryngological Clinics of North America, 56:1127-1131.
Harper CH, Sheedy D, Lara A, Garrick T, Hilton J, Raisanen J (1997) Is thiamine supplementation useful in preventing Wernicke's encephalopathy. Brain Pathology 7:4;1253-1256.
Herrick IA, Craen RA, Gelb AW, Miller LA, Kubu CS, Girvin JP, Parrent A, Eliasziw M, Kirkby J (1997) Propofol sedation during awake craniotomy for seizures: patient-controlled administration versus neurolept analgesia. Anaesthesia and Analgesia 84, 1285-1291.
Jayasundera MV, Thompson JF, Fulham MJ (1997) Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from carcinoma of the lung: detection by positron emission tomography. European Journal of Cancer 33:508-509.
Kassiou M, Ravert HT, Mathews WB, Musachio JL, London ED, Dannals RF (1997) Synthesis of 3-[(1-[C-11]methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinyl) methoxy] pyridine and 3-[(1-[C-11]methyl-2-(R)-pyrrolidinyl) methoxy] pyridine: radioligands for in vivo studies of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Journal of Labelled Comparitive Radiopharmacology 39:425-431.
Kassiou M, Read RW, Shi X (1997) Synthesis and evaluation of halogenated dibenzodiazepines as muscarinic receptor ligands. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17:799-804.
Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Pemberton LA, Smythe G, Tattam B, Brew BJ (1997) Kynurenine pathway inhibition with 6-chloro-D-tryptophan reduces neurotoxicity of HIV-1 infected macrophage supernatants. Neurology 49: 1671-1681.
Körner H, Rimington DS, Strickland DH, Lemckert FA, Pollard JD, Sedgwick JD (1997) Critical points of tumour necrosis factor action in central nervous system acute inflammation defined by gene targeting. Journal of Experimental Medicine 186:No.9;1-7.
Lilje O, Armati PJ (1997) The distribution
and abundance of MHC and ICAM-1 on Schwann cells in vitro. Journal of Neuroimmunology 77:75-84.
Ma N, Harding AJ, Pamphlett R, Chaudri G, Hunt N (1997) Increased c-fos expression in the brain during experimental murine cerebral malaria: possible association with neurological complications. Journal of Infectious Disease 175:1480-1489.
Ma N, Madigan M, Chan-Ling T, Hunt N (1997) Compromised blood-nerve barrier, astrogliosis, and myelin disruption in optic nerves during fatal murine cerebral malaria. GLIA 19:135-151.
Manolios N, Collier S, Taylor J, Pollard J, Harrison L, Bender V (1997) T cell antigen receptor transmembrane peptides modulate T cell function and T cell mediated disease. Nature Medicine (3) 1:84-88.
McKeefry DJ, Watson JDG, Frackowiak RSJ, Fong K, Zeki S (1997) The activity in human areas V1/V2, V3, and V5 during the perception of coherent and incoherent motion. Neuroimage 5, 1-12
McLeod JG (1997) Multiple Sclerosis in Australia. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:425-431.
Medana L, Hunt N, Chan-Ling T (1997) Early activation of microglia in the pathogenesis of fatal murine cerebral malaria. GLIA 19:91-103.
Meikle SR, Eberl S, Hooper PK, Fulham MJ (1997) Simultaneous emission and transmission (SET) scanning in neurological PET studies. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 21:487-497.
Meikle SR, Eberl S, Hooper PK, Fulham MJ (1997) Simultaneous emission and transmission scanning in PET oncology: the effect on parameter estimation. IEEE Transactions of Nuclear Science 44: 67-73.
Morcos Y, Chan-Ling T (1997) In vivo evidence for the existence of oligodendrocyte precursors in the myelinated streak of the adult rabbit retina. GLIA 21:163-182.
Mossman S, Halmagyi GM (1997) Partial ocular tilt reaction due to unilateral cerebellar lesion. Neurology 49:491-3
Murofushi T, Curthoys IS (1997) Physiological and anatomical study of click-sensitive primary vestibular afferents in the guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngologica 117: 66-72.
Murofushi T, Pohl DV, Halmagyi GM (1997) Perineural spread of facial squamous cell carcinoma to the vestibulo-cochlear nerve. Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery 116:392-4
Murofushi T, Ouvrier R, Parker GD, Graham R, deSilva M, Halmagyi GM (1997) Vestibular function in the CHARGE syndrome. Annals of Otolology Rhinology Laryngology 106:129-34
Murofushi T, Halmagyi GM, Yavor RA (1997) Intratympanic Gentamicin in Meniere’s disease: results of therapy. American Journal of Otology 18:52-57
Pamphlett R, Ewan KBR, McQuilty R, Waley P (1997) Gender differences in the uptake of inorganic mercury by motor neurons. Neurotoxicology Teratology 19:287-293.
Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain Barré Syndrome Trial Group (1997) Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain Barré Syndrome. Lancet 349:225-230.
Pollard JD, Young GAR (1997) Neurology and the bone marrow. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 63: 706-718.
Tew P, Aoki R, Quinn M, Gibson W (1997) Congenital ear lobe deformity. The Australian Journal of Otolaryngology-HNS,2:586-588.
van Oosten BW, Lai M, Hodgkinson SJ, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Rudge P, McDougall A, McLeod JG, Adèr HJ, Polman CH (1997) Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody cM-T412. Neurology 49:351-357.
Wade S, Curthoys IS (1997) The effect of ocular torsional position on perception of the roll-tilt of visual stimuli. Vision Research 37: 1071-1078.
Watanabe T, Voyvodic J, Chan-Ling T, Sagara H, Hirosawa K, Mio Y, Uchimura H, Nakahara K, Raff M (1997) Differentiation and morphogenesis in pellet cultures of developing rat retinal cells. Journal of Comparative Neurology 377:341-350.
Watson JDG (1997) Images of the working brain: understanding human brain function with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 74, 245-56.
Williams KR, Pye V, Roses AD, Saunders AM, Armati PJ (1997) Apolipoprotein E uptake and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein expression by the NTera2/Da cell line: a cell culture model of relevance for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Disease 4:58-67.
Wong SHW, Gibson WPR, Sanli H (1997) Use of transtympanic round window electrocochleography for threshold estimations in children. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 18:632-636.
Armati PJ, Williams KR, Saunders AM, Roses AD (1997) Uptake of exogenous apolipoprotein E by cultured human central nervous system cells. Brain Pathology, 7:1039.
Barnett MH, Pollard JD, Davies L, McLeod JG (1997) Cyclosporin A in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:383.
Caine D, Kril JJ, Halliday GM, Harper CG (1997) Operational criteria for the classification of chronic alcoholics for research and treatment. X111 International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth. Brain Pathology 7;4:1256.
Cappelen-Smith C, Davies L (1997) Pathological and neurophysiological findings in prolonged paralysis induced by vecuronium. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4, 388.
Chan-Ling T, Hu P, Kang L, Hughes S, Bonner J, Pollard JD (1997) Pathogenesis of Optic Neuritis. Symposium on “Demyelinative Diseases”. Brain Pathology 7:1147.
Cullen K (1997) Antigen retrieval methods for glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry: Implications for neuropathological studies. Brain Pathology, 7:1179.
Cullen K (1997) Astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease: A Reinterpretation of the senile plaque. Brain Pathology, 7:1370.
Cullen K, Halliday GM, Reid WGJ, Morris JGL (1997) Pathological profiles of dementia in Parkinson’s disease (PD): cholinergic nucleus basalis (Ch4) cell loss and mechanisms of cell death. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:389.
Cullen K (1997) Regional astrocytic cytoarchitecture in the human cerebrum. Proceedings of Australian Neurosciences 8:184.
Duggins A, Mcleod JG, Pollard JD, Davies L, Soper J, Thompson EO (1997) Nerve hypertrophy in inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4, 390.
Frith JA, McLeod JG, Hallpike JF, Mastaglia FL, Boundy K (1997) Early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:391.
Gougassian DF, Fulham MJ, Besser M, Harper C (1997) Clinical and neuroimaging (CT, MR, FDG-PET) findings in an aggressive rapidly recurrent adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Journal of Clinical. Neuroscience 4;3:393.
Harding A, Kril J, Baker K, Harper C, Halliday G (1997) Brainstem and diencephalic neurodegeneration occurs only in chronic alcoholics with thiamine deficiency. Brain Pathology 7;4:1256.
Hu P, Pollard JD, Hunt N, Chan-Ling T (1997) Characterisation of the microvascular and cellular cascade in EAE in a CNS region devoid of the encephalitogenic antigen. Brain Pathology 7:1363.
Hu P, Pollard JD, Hunt N, Taylor J, Hodgkinson S, Tran Y, Chan-Ling T (1997) Pathogenesis of optic neuritis in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathology 7:1363.
Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Brew BJ (1997) Neurotoxicity resulting from chronic exposure of human brain neurons to quinolinic acid. First International Symposium of Neurovirology. Philadelphia, USA. May. Journal of Neurovirology 3:S94.
Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Pemberton LA, Smythe G, Brew BJ (1997) Kynurenine pathway metabolism with 6-chloro-D-tryptophan reduces neurotoxicity of HIV-1 infected macrophage supernatants. Neurology 48 (3):A94.
Mohamed A, Pollard JD, Walsh JC, McLeod JG (1991) Prevalence of CIDP in NSW. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4, 403.
Mohamed A, Davies L, Pollard JD, Walsh JC, McLeod JG (1997) Conduction block in vasculitic neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4:403-404.
Pamphlett R, Levingston R, Evans W, Blackie J (1997) Varying neuropathological features in familial progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain Pathology 7:1112.
Pamphlett R, Coote P (1997) Mercury in motor neurons after exposure to "occupationally safe" levels of mercury vapour. Brain Pathology 7:1390.
Pamphlett R, Kum Jew S, Raisanen J (1997) Histological detection of vertebral artery compression after neck movement in infants. Brain Pathology, 7:1272.
Williams KR, Pye V, Saunders A, Roses AD, Armati PJ (1997) Apolopoprotein E uptake and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein expression by the Ntera2/D1 cell line: a cell culture model of relevance for late-onse4t Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathology, 7:1200.
Yang F, Walsh J, Pamphlett R (1997) The spectrum of COX-deficient fibres in normal and diseased muscle. Brain Pathology 7:1278.
Andrias-Kauba S, Yang, WX, Taylor J, Pollard JD (1997) Antibody mediated demyelination in CIDP. Peripheral Nerve Society, Cambridge England. July.
Besser M (1997) The role of surgery in the management of cerebral metastases. Neuro-oncology Workshop, Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, April.
Besser M (1997) Neurosurgical manpower requirements. Annual Scientific Meeting, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Brisbane, May.
Besser M (1997) Neurosurgical training. Joint meeting of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia and Swiss Society of Neurosurgery, St.Luc, Switzerland, July.
Besser M (1997) Complications of the managements of giant aneurysm of the posterior circulation. World Congress of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam, Netherlands, July.
Besser M (1997) Carotid endarterectomy. Vascular Anaesthesia Symposium, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, September.
Breen N, Caine D (1997) What to do when a frog is a shoe: when the standardised tests are not enough. Brain and Behaviour: Developmental Perspectives Conference, Sydney, March.
Breen N, Caine D (1997) Focally presenting dementia syndromes. Australian Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney, May.
Caine D, Watson JDG (1997) Cerebral hypoxia: acute and follow-up neuropsychology. Australian Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney, May.
Cartwright AD, Gilchrist DPD, Curthoys IS (1997) Physiologically based neural network modelling of the guinea pig yaw VOR response. 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, USA.
Chan-Ling T, Provis J, Hughes S, Yang H (1997) Vascular development in human retina: Mechanisms and topography. The retina receives and the cortex believes: Festschrift for Bill Levick and Geoff Henry. ANU, January.
Chan-Ling T, Provis J, Hughes S, Yang H (1997) Vascular development in human retina: Mechanisms and topography. 1997 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. Fort Lauderdale, Florida USA, May.
Chan-Ling T, Provis J, Hughes S, Yang H (1997) Vascular development in human retina: Mechanisms and topography. Gordon Conference on angiogenesis and the microcirculation. Salve Regina University, USA, August.
Chan-Ling T, Hu P, Kang L, Hughes S, Bonner J, Pollard JD (1997) Pathogenesis of Experimental Optic Neuritis. Annual Meeting of the Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of Australia (NOSA). Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, November.
Cooper M, Watson JDG, Harris I, Caine D, Miller L, Breen N (1997) Visuospatial and visuomotor skills and endoscopic surgery. Australian Gynaecological Endoscopy Society VII Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney.
Cremer PD (1997) Anterior canal BPPV. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Cremer PD, Cartwright A, Murofushi T, Halmagyi GM (1997) Isolated directional preponderance in peripheral vestibular disorders. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Cremer PD, Halmagyi GM (1997) Things are looking up. ASM-NeuroOphthalmology Society of Australia, Sydney, November.
Curthoys IS, MacDougall H, Betts G, Cartwright A, Blanche T, Cremer P, Halmagyi G (1997) Studies of vestibular-induced ocular torsional position. ASM-Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Curthoys IS, Murofushi T, Gilchrist DPD (1997) The physiological basis of the click-evoked myogenic potential. ASM-Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
DeLapp K (1997) Results of particle repositioning manoeuvres. ASM- Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Dixon G, Lovric K, Harper C, Hickie I, Wakefield D, Lloyd A (1997) Effect of age on patch-matrix architecture in the human striatum. Australian Neuroscience Society, Newcastle, February.
Ell JJ (1997) An unusual case of Meniere’s disease. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Gibson WPR (1997) Changes in the electrocochleogram before during and after
attacks of vertigo in ears affected by Meniere’s disease. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Gibson WPR (1997) Cochlear implants in young children Breakfast grandrounds, The University of British Columbia, January.
Gibson WPR, Del Dot J, Pegg R (1997) The importance of neural plasticity in the selection of congenitally deaf children for cochlear implantation. 16th IFOS World Conference of Otolaryngology, Sydney, March.
Gibson WPR (1997) The role of electrocochleography in a paediatric cochlear implant programme. 16th IFOS World Conference of Otolaryngology, Sydney, March.
Gibson WPR (1997) The role of electrocochleography in Meniere’s Disease. 16th IFOS World Conference of Otolaryngology, Sydney, March.
Gibson WPR (1997) The role of round window electrocochleography in the selection of children for cochlear implant surgery. International Cochlear Implant Symposium, Melbourne, March.
Gibson WPR Arenberg I K (1997) Pathophysiologic theories in the etiology of Meniere’s Disease. 6th International Symposium & Workshops on Inner Ear Medicine, Colorado, March.
Gibson WPR (1997) The role of electrocochleography in Meniere’s Disease and a new theory concerning pathophysiology of the attacks of vertigo. Neuro-orological Society of Australia, Ayres Rock Australia, September.
Hall K, Halmagyi GM (1997) Les Misérables. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Halmagyi GM (1997) Particle repositioning manoeuvres for BPPV. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Harper C (1997) Opportunities: The tissue resource centre. First NISAD Annual Scientific Meeting, Newcastle, February.
Harper C, Sheedy D, Lara, A, Raisanen J, Hilton J (1997) Is thiamine supplementation useful in preventing Wernicke's encephalopathy? Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research RSA, San Francisco, June. 21;3:89A.
Hinson J, Halmagyi GM (1997) Secondary BPPV. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Hu P, Pollard J, Hunt N, Hodgkinson S, Taylor J, Tran G, Chan-Ling T (1997) Pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Comparisons between optic nerve and retinal responses. Boden Research Conference. Retinal Biology and Retinal Diseases, February.
Hughes S, Kang LHD, Chan-Ling T (1997) Vascular retraction during normal retinal development takes place via programmed cell death. Scientific Meeting of the Australian Society for Medical Research, NSW, June.
Hughes S, Kang LHD, Chan-Ling T (1997) Vascular retraction during normal retinal development takes place via programmed cell death. Gordon Conference on angiogenesis and the microcirculation. Salve Regina University, USA, August.
Hughes S, Kang LHD, Chan-Ling T (1997) Patterns of glial, neuronal and vascular programmed cell death in the developing rat retina. Boden Research Conference. Retinal Biology and Retinal Diseases, February.
Johnston I, Gibson E (1997) Asymptomatic raised intracranial pressure. Consensus Conference on Hydrocephalus, Assisi, Italy, May.
Johnston I, Gibson E (1997) The acquired Arnold Chiari malformation in lumbar shunting. Consensus Conference on Hydrocephalus, Assisi, Italy, May.
Johnston I, Gibson E (1997) Low pressure hydrocephalus. Consensus Conference on Hydrocephalus, Assisi, Italy, May.
Johnston I, Saw V, Kollar C (1997) Cerebral dural sinus thrombosis: a review of 41 cases. Annual Scientific Meeting Neurosurgical Society of Australia, Darwin, September.
Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Pemberton LA, Smythe G, Brew BJ (1997) The importance of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Australian Association of Neurologists and Association of British Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney, April-May.
Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Brew BJ (1997) Neurotoxicity resulting from chronic exposure of human brain neurons to quinolinic acid. Australian Society for HIV Medicine (ASHM). Adelaide, November.
Mathey E, Pollard JD, Armati PJ (1997) Expression of cytokines TNF-a, INF-d and IL-2 in CIDP nerve. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Foundation Symposium. 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association, September, San Diego, September.
Miller L, Fulham MJ, Harris IM (1997) Effects of focal epilepsy on memory and level of cerebral glucose metabolism. Australian Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific, Sydney, May.
Morcos Y, Chan-Ling T (1997) Identification of oligodendrocyte precursors in the myelinated streak of the adult rabbit retina in vivo. Boden Research Conference. Retinal Biology and Retinal Diseases, February. Thredbo.
Morcos Y, Shorey CD, Chan-Ling T (1997) In vivo evidence of oligodendrocyte precursors in adult white matter. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans USA, October.
Morcos Y, Shorey CD, Chan-Ling T (1997) Developmental biology of oligodendrocyte precursors studied in the myelinated streak of the rabbit retina. Proc Aust Neurosci Soc Vol 8:119.
Newnham JP, Dunlop SA, Quinlivan JA, Harper CG, Archer MA, Beazley LD (1997) The effect of corticosteroids on optic nerve development in fetal sheep. Australian Neuroscience Society, Newcastle, February.
Pohl DV (1997) Surgery of BPPV. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Pollard JD (1997) The role of antibody in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Chinese Neuroscience Society, Second Biennial Meeting, Xian, October.
Taylor J (1997) Characterisation of the role cellular and humoral immune mediated mechanisms in demyelination and inflammation in the effector phase of Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. Peripheral Nerve Society Meeting, Cambridge, England, July.
Toker D, McCluskey P, Reddel S, Mendelsohn M, McCarthy S, Halmagyi GM (1997) An old man with a painful tender eye. ASM of the NeuroOphthalmology Society of Australia, Sydney, November.
Yan W-X (1997) The possibility of resistance to EAN induced in BN rats. Chinese Neuroscience Society, Second Biennial Meeting, Xian, October.
Yang F, Walsh F, Pamphlett R (1997) Use of the combined COX/SDH stain in muscle disorders. Australasian Association of Neurologists Scientific Meeting, Sydney.
Yavor RA, Halmagyi GM (1997) Subjective visual horizontal: an independent test of otolith function. ASM of Neuro-otology Society of Australia, Uluru NT, September.
Armati PJ
September - Chair, Symposium - Alzheimer’s disease and Apolipoprotein E. XIII International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
January - Scientific Committee, Peripheral Nerve Society.
July - Co-Chair, Workshop of Growth factors in the Peripheral Nervous System. International Peripheral Nerve Society, Cambridge.
September - 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association, San Diego, USA.
Breen N
March - Brain and Behaviour: Development Perspectives, conference sponsored by the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment, Sydney.
May - Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
October - Australian Psychological Society College of Clinical Neuropsychologists Annual Conference, Maroochydore.
Caine D
March - Brain and Behaviour: Development Perspectives, conference sponsored by the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment, Sydney.
May - Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
British Neuropsychiatry Association Summer July - Meeting in association with the American Neuropsychiatric Association, Cambridge, UK.
October - Australian Psychological Society College of Clinical Neuropsychologists Annual Conference, Maroochydore.
Chan-Ling T-L
February - Talk to kindergarten classes, Russell Lea Infants School. “Eyes: who has them and who needs them!”.
June - Chairperson and convenor of a press conference. Medical Research Week.
Davies L
May - Australian Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney.
September - International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
Harper C
February - First NISAD Annual Scientific Meeting , Newcastle.
February - Australian Neuroscience Society, Newcastle.
June - Research Society of Alcoholism, San Francisco.
September - X111 International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
October - Australian Coroners' Society Inc. - Annual Conference, Hobart.
December - Australian Society for Psychiatric Research, Wellington NZ.
Harris I
March - Brain and Behaviour: Development Perspectives, conference sponsored by the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment, Sydney.
May - Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
October - Australian Psychological Society College of Clinical Neuropsychologists Annual Conference, Maroochydore.
McDowell D
September - Annual Scientific Meeting of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, Darwin.
November - Temporal Bone course at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.
McLeod JG
April/May - Australian Association of Neurologists, Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney.
September - International Medical Advisory Group, Bath, UK.
Miller L
March - Brain and Behaviour: Development Perspectives, conference sponsored by the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment, Sydney.
May - Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
May - International Society for Behavioural Neuroscience, Gananoque, Quebec, Canada.
Pamphlett R
September - XIIIth International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
Pollard JD
January - Research Advisory Board Meeting. Linomide Multiple Sclerosis Trial. Barcelona, January 29.
May - Combined Annual Scientific Meeting of Australian and British Association of Neurologists.
July- Peripheral Nerve Society. Cambridge, England.
September - 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association, San Diego, USA.
September - America’s Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ACTRIMS), San Diego, USA.
September - XIII International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
October - International Symposium in honour of Professor M J Eadie. Brisbane.
October - Annual Scientific Meeting of Chinese Neuroscience Society, Xian.
Stankovic R
September - XIIIth International Congress of Neuropathology, Perth.
Watson JDG
January - 2nd Australian Functional Brain Mapping Symposium, Newcastle.
May - Annual Scientific Meeting, Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
June - 3rd International Conference on Human Brain Mapping, Copenhagen.
Besser M - "Role of surgery in the management of cerebral metastases". Australian Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Neuro-oncology Workshop. April .
"Neurosurgical Training", Neurosurgical Society of Australasia with the Swiss Society of Neurosurgery, St. Luc, Switzerland, July.
"The management of giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation". World Congress of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam, July.
Breen N
Misidentification syndromes: a case study.
Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, February.
The role of the neuropsychologist in rehabilitation.
Department of Rehabilitation, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, June.
Caine D
Cerebral hypoxia: the neuropsychological sequelae. Neurology Research Seminar, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK, August.
Neuropsychological sequelae of cerebral hypoxia.
MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, August.
Acute and follow-up neuropsychological sequelae of cerebral hypoxia. Psychology Department, University of Sydney, September.
Cullen K
“Degenerating microvessels and reactive astrocytes: getting to the centre of the senile plaque’ Pfizer Neurodegeneration Group, Groton CT, USA.
Pathological profiles of dementia in Parkinson's disease: cholinergic nucleus basalis cell loss and mechanisms of cell death. Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney.
Astrocytes and degenerating microvessels: a re-interpretation of the senile plaque. Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney.
Astrocytes and degenerating microvessels: Getting to the centre of the senile plaque. Anderson Stewart Seminar Series, University of Sydney.
Dementia in the School of Biological Sciences - Astrocytes and plaques of Alzheimer's disease. School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney.
Curthoys IS
"The effect of vestibular stimulation on human ocular torsional position and visual perception".
College de France Paris, France, December.
"Recent studies from Sydney on measuring human canal and otolith function".
Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France, December.
Halmagyi G M
"New Techniques for Evaluating vestibular function"
"Adaptation to unilateral loss of vestibular function"
"Ototoxicity: vestibular aspects"
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, March.
"Diagnosis and definition of benign positional vertigo"
"Testing otolith function"
International Federation of Otolaryngological Societies XVI World Congress, Sydney, March.
Harper C
Opportunities: The tissue resource centre. First NISAD Annual Scientific Meeting, Newcastle, February.
McLeod JG
Multiple Sclerosis in Australia. E Graeme Robertson Memorial Lecture. Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian Association of Neurologists, Sydney, 28 April - 2 May 1997
Multiple Sclerosis in Australia. Cairns Memorial Lecture, Adelaide, 2 December 1997.
Miller LA
"Epilepsy and Neuropsychology". Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, September.
Pollard JD
Mechanisms and management of inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy - The Brain Lecture, 1997. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Hospital, London, July.
Diagnosis and management of inflammatory neuropathy. Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, July.
The role of antibody in inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central and peripheral nervous system. Guy’s Hospital, London, July.
The role of intravenous immunoglobulin in neurological disease. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne, June.
Autoimmune Neuropathies. Combined Annual Scientific Meeting of Australian and British Association of Neurologists. Sydney, May.
Mechanisms and management of inflammatory neuropathy. Royal Adelaide Hospital, August.
Diagnosis and management of treatable neuropathy. Cairns Society Adelaide, August.
Inflammatory Neuropathies. Festschrift to honour Professor M Eadie. Royal Brisbane Hospital, October.
Diagnosis and management of treatable neurology. Beijing Hospital, October.
Watson JDG
Functional imaging studies if human vision.
Department of Neurology, University of Jena, Germany, May.
The ethics of research involving human subjects. Intensive Bioethics Course. John Plunkett Centre for Ethics in Health Care, Sydney, May.
Conforming to ethics guidelines. Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Sydney, June.
Brain imaging studies of blindsight and visual illusions. Conference on Irrationality, ANU Centre for the Mind, Canberra, July.
Strokes: young and old. Seminar in Internal Medicine. Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, August.
Research critiques. Epilepsy Research Retreat, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Marysville, Victoria, August.